Western blotting, or immunoblotting, is an analytical technique used in cell and molecular biology to identify specific proteins in a complex mixture of proteins, such as those present in cell or tissue extracts. The technique uses three steps to achieve this: separation by size, transfer to a solid medium and, finally, visualisation. by protein tagging... Continue reading
Plasmid isolation consists of five steps: cell lysis, debris removal, nucleic acid precipitation, nucleic acid isolation and resuspension. A plasmid preparation is a method of extracting and purifying plasmid DNA. Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid DNA from bacteria.These methods invariably involve three steps: Growth of the bacterial culture Collection and lysis of... Continue reading
Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made proteins that mimic the immune system's ability to fight harmful antigens such as viruses. A monoclonal antibody is a type of protein produced in the laboratory that can bind to substances in the body, including cancer cells. However, there are many types of monoclonal antibodies. In addition, a monoclonal antibody is... Continue reading
Allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) is an alternative method for mutation detection. The advantage of ASO-PCR is that it is a fast, simple and non-radioactive method. Increasingly, many single base pair substitutions are being discovered that lead to inherited diseases, predisposition to genetic disorders and cancer. The ability to amplify specific DNA sequences by... Continue reading
Moderna, Inc. is a US biotechnology and pharmaceutical company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It focuses on messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccine technologies. Moderna's vaccine platform inserts synthetic nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) into human cells using a layer of lipid nanoparticles. This mRNA then reprograms the cells to elicit immune responses. Moderna develops therapeutic mRNA vaccines that... Continue reading
Genetic testing is a type of medical examination that identifies any changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. After getting its results, we can confirm or reject a suspected genetic disorder. In fact, the analysis also determines the risk of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. Methods of Genetic Testing First, there are several... Continue reading
This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyses ATP synthesis using an electrochemical proton gradient across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase consists of two interconnected complexes comprising multiple subunits: a soluble F1 catalytic core and a membrane-encompassing Fo component containing a proton channel. This gene encodes the... Continue reading
Multidrug resistance is the insensitivity or resistance of a microorganism to the administered antimicrobial medicines with different structures and the molecular formula (Tanwar, Das, Fatima, & Hameed, 2014). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the resistant microorganisms that include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites are able to fight the antimicrobial drugs. As a result,... Continue reading
